How Did Guizhou Forge Its Legend of Inclusivity?
The most delightful way to become familiar with a place is to start with its flavors.
Guizhou's taste is rich and complex, like a minimalist book recording its inclusive history: the sour soup and glutinous rice from the mountains carry the genes of millennia-old "rice-and-fish" traditions; the fiery "maolaguo" chili peppers are evidence of exchanges between Guizhou and southeastern coastal provinces during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Today's ubiquitous snacks—such as posu buns, changwang noodles, and tofu puffs—blend influences from Sichuan, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Jiangnan, yet miraculously fuse into an addictive, unique style.
Photo/Wu Xuewen, Chen Weihong
The flavors of a place arrive with its people.
Established in the early Ming Dynasty, Guizhou has evolved over 610 years through three waves of migration: Ming military garrisons laid the groundwork for today's urban layout; settlers from the heartland of the central dynasty during the Ming and Qing painted the backdrop of cultural fusion; as a wartime rear area, Guizhou hosted universities, factories, and financial institutions, becoming a southwestern cultural hub; during the Third Front construction, industrial bases and mining cities emerged, with builders from across China shaping Guizhou's modernizing stride.
Ming-era Tunpu forts in Anshun; the First Ring Road encircling Guiyang's old city;
Qing-era Jiangxi Guildhalls; aviation industries from the Third Front era.
Waves from different periods converge into today's Guizhou.
Photo/Chen Weihong, Wu Xuewen, Zhang Luo
Absorption, fusion, and dynamism—having embraced all influences, Guizhou now thrives as a diverse and inclusive land.
How did an expedition 600 years ago shape Guizhou's "cities"?
Draw a line on a Guizhou map from Yuping County to Panzhou City, and you'll find Kaili, Fuquan, Guiyang, and Anshun clustered nearby, along with ancient towns like Huangping, Zhenyuan, Longli, and Pingba. This nearly traces the historic "Yilu Road" linking Hunan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. Broaden the view, and cities like Bijie and Chishu also lie on key trade routes—most of these settlements arose during the Ming Dynasty.
Before the Ming, Guizhou had almost no "cities," only minor earthen or stone forts built by ethnic leaders. Among later major cities, only Zunyi and Guiyang had rudimentary forms.
The Ming's military "garrison towns" marked Guizhou's urban beginnings. Later, its provincial establishment in the Yongle era and Qing-era boundary fixes left lasting impacts visible in the province's modern layout.
Photo/Chen Weihong
Ming Garrison Towns: The "Anchor" of Guizhou's Urban Landscape
Before the Ming, Guizhou lacked provincial status. Its rugged terrain hindered central rule until its strategic position on the Yunnan-Hunan route drew imperial attention.
To consolidate control, Emperor Hongwu garrisoned troops along key roads, founding fortified towns.
Many of today's Guizhou cities trace their origins to Ming garrisons.
Map/Liu Yunshuo
The garrison system was a military institution that integrated soldiers with farmers: "military garrisons" were established in strategic locations, where garrison households engaged in daily farming and were mobilized for campaigns when needed. It was the primary military system of the Ming Dynasty and complemented the construction of Ming-era cities. Since Guizhou originally lacked large cities, garrison towns replaced natural settlements as the framework for urban development in the region—Guiyang, Anshun, Kaili, and Duyun, all major towns in Guizhou today, were once command centers of garrisons. Smaller military settlements formed the present-day Tunpu villages.
The watchtowers epitomize the military character of the Tunpu.
Photography/Chen Qingquan, Chen Weihong · Mapping/Jiuyang
The construction of garrison towns prioritized military defense. When selecting sites, three key factors were considered: terrain, water sources, and arable land, along with the duty to protect postal routes. As a result, most garrison towns were located along transportation lines.
Due to their strategic positions along vital routes, the commercial functions of garrison towns gradually emerged—a phenomenon seen in nearly every garrison town in Guizhou. The concentration of people naturally gave rise to commercial activities, eventually transforming these towns into important trade hubs and laying the foundation for Guizhou's market system. As Xu Xiake noted during his visit to Puding (now Anshun): "The city walls are towering and well-ordered, the streets broad, with archways spanning them, and the market bustling." These artificially established military strongholds developed a natural urban vitality.
Tunpu settlements were always situated where farming was feasible and transportation routes could be controlled.
In the early Ming Dynasty, numerous craftsmen specializing in weaponry, military supplies, and civilian goods entered Guizhou with the tide of garrison troops. They built city walls, government offices, barracks, roads, bridges, and waterways, transforming Guizhou's local handicrafts from mere rural self-sufficiency.
By 1413, Emperor Yongle extended the administrative system of inland provinces to Guizhou, establishing China's 13th provincial-level administrative region—Guizhou Province. Subsequently, continuous immigration interacted with urban development, rapidly advancing Guizhou's commerce, agriculture, and handicrafts.
Guizhou's handicrafts also gained fame in the Ming market. The Yuping xiao (a vertical flute) was renowned as early as the Wanli era. Since Yuping was then the Pingxi Garrison, it was called the "Ping xiao," with the flutes crafted by the Zheng family considered the finest. By the late Ming and early Qing, the Sizhou inkstone also became widely known. Qing historian Chen Ding mentioned the "Golden Star Stone" of Sizhou in his Travels in Yunnan and Guizhou, noting its excellent ink-grinding quality, making it a market treasure.
Right: A Sizhou inkstone. Photography/Huang Wanxin
The Ming Dynasty's planning for Guizhou not only influenced its urban distribution but also left behind cultural landscapes worth exploring today. For instance, in "time capsule"-like Tunpu villages, residents still wear Ming-style clothing, speak ancient Jianghuai dialects, and live in stone houses blending historical and military elements. Towns like Longli and Zhenyuan feature Hui-style architecture, Confucian temples, and ancestral halls, showcasing unique Han cultural traits in minority-dominated regions while reminding people of the pioneering history six centuries ago.
Ancient towns and Tunpu settlements are scattered records of Han cultural influence during the Ming and Qing periods.
Pictured: Longli Ancient Town; Anshun Tunpu; Zhenyuan Ancient Town.
Photography/Lu Yukun, Chen Qingquan, Chen Weihong, Wu Xuewen
Clearly, the garrisons played a pivotal role in shaping Guizhou's administrative divisions, urban centers, cultural regions, multicultural villages, and the "mixed residence, small enclaves" pattern of ethnic groups—far beyond the garrison system itself.
How was the multicultural "puzzle" forged?
In the early Qing Dynasty, Guizhou's garrisons underwent a series of abolitions and conversions into counties. Some garrison towns became county seats, forming the basis of future Guizhou cities, while others turned into market towns or villages distinct from ordinary settlements. For example, Tonggu Town (evolved from the Tonggu Garrison) and Qingxi Town (from the Qinglang Garrison) became local commercial centers due to their existing trade foundations.
The prosperity of Zhenyuan Ancient Town was closely tied to its geographical location.
Additionally, Guizhou's territory underwent a more far-reaching adjustment: regions were incorporated from Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, and Yunnan, along with newly developed "blank" areas, adding 71,824 square kilometers—about 41% of today's total area (176,128 square kilometers)—basically defining Guizhou's provincial outline.
Before the border adjustments, the boundaries between Guizhou and neighboring Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, and Guangxi were often unclear. This adjustment incorporated many border areas into Guizhou, blending cultural influences from adjacent provinces into Guizhou's own.
Guiyang is located in the heart of central Guizhou, where diverse cultures converge.
Photo by Chen Weihong
Take dialects, for example. Most Chinese dialects in Guizhou belong to the Southwestern Mandarin branch of Northern Chinese, yet they differ from the accents of neighboring provinces: Northern, Northwestern, and Central Guizhou speak the Sichuan-Guizhou dialect, closely related to Sichuanese; the dialect of Southeastern Guizhou resembles Hunanese, blended with ethnic minority tones; Southern Guizhou has its own style, incorporating elements of minority languages while resembling Guangxi's Guiliu dialect. As for the "dialect islands" in Tunpu and ancient towns, as well as countless linguistic phenomena arising from interactions between minority languages and Chinese, including "borrowed sounds," they are too numerous to count.
Guizhou's Nuo culture integrates features of the Southwestern Nuo cultural sphere, making it highly representative.
Pictured are Anshun Dixi Opera and Dejiang Nuo Opera.
Specific cultural phenomena further reflect this "fusion." Guizhou's Nuo opera fits seamlessly into the broader Southwestern Nuo cultural sphere, with strikingly similar and typical representations of Nuo cultures from Sichuan, Hunan, and Yunnan. The "Qian Opera," originating in Northwestern Guizhou, is rooted in the Southwest but accompanied by the dulcimer, exuding a Jiangnan flair. Tracing its origins reveals a cultural transmission route from the middle and lower Yangtze River through Sichuan to Guizhou.
Qian Opera productions: "The Wordless Monument" and "The Heavenly Canal."
Courtesy of Guizhou Qian Opera Theatre
How did this rear province grow amid the flames of war?
Guizhou's vast, sea-like mountains always transformed into the sturdiest barriers at critical moments.
After the July 7th Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, the full-scale War of Resistance broke out. As major cities like Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Wuhan fell, the Nationalist government relocated to Chongqing. During this period, Guizhou's strategic military and geographic importance—highlighted since the early Ming and late Qing dynasties—reemerged, becoming a vital rear base for China's prolonged resistance and a crucial shield for Chongqing. It played an indispensable role in sustaining the eight-year war effort until final victory.
Zhongzheng Gate in Guiyang during the war.
Courtesy of Guizhou Youth Photographers Association
Before the war, China had 108 institutions of higher education, mostly concentrated in major cities and coastal areas. The war devastated these schools—by 1938, 91 were damaged, with 25 forced to close. To salvage and preserve education and culture amid the chaos, an unprecedented mass migration of academia began.
Meitan Confucian Temple, once a campus site for Zhejiang University during its westward relocation.
Photo by Zhang Luo
Many universities moved to the Southwest, with Guizhou—as a key rear area—welcoming nine institutions, including Zhejiang University, Great China University, Xiangya Medical College, and Tangshan Engineering College.
Pre-war Guizhou lacked modern universities, making local authorities and residents eager to host relocated institutions. Despite hardships, they vacated homes, ancestral halls, and Confucian temples, refurbishing them as faculty housing. They invited professors and students for meals, striving to provide optimal learning and research conditions.
Among the relocated universities, Zhejiang University was the largest in scale and influence.
Photo by Zhang Luo
Zunyi was the area where Zhejiang University stayed the longest during its relocation. While the motherland was engulfed in war, the remote town of Meitan in Zunyi became an academic sanctuary, gathering a group of teachers and students dedicated to serving the nation. To sustain teaching and research, President Zhu Kezhen invited numerous renowned professors to teach at Zhejiang University. For a time, the area became a hub of academic excellence, attracting many famous scholars and fostering a vibrant intellectual atmosphere. It produced a host of scientific luminaries such as Tsung-Dao Lee, Cheng Kaijia, Gu Chaohao, Shi Yafeng, and Ye Duzheng, and achieved significant research outcomes. The number of papers published during these seven years surpassed that of all other Chinese universities at the time, creating a miracle in the history of modern Chinese higher education. As a result, Zhejiang University was praised by Joseph Needham in *Science and Civilisation in China* as the "Cambridge of the East."
During its westward relocation, Zhejiang University nurtured many academic elites.
The university also leveraged local conditions in Zunyi to conduct educational and research activities. To adapt to Guizhou's agricultural needs, Zhejiang University leased 200 acres of experimental farmland in Meitan and established an Agricultural Science Research Institute. It conducted extensive studies on local products like Maotai liquor and promoted the cultivation of potatoes and tomatoes in Zunyi and Meitan. Additionally, it introduced pest control measures, vegetable seeds, trial plantings of watermelons, and walnut breeding in northern Guizhou.
Top: Group photo of National Zhejiang University’s Guizhou students welcoming President Zhu Kezhen.
Bottom: Group photo of faculty and students from the College of Agriculture in Meitan.
Source: Zhejiang University Westward Relocation History Exhibition Hall.
Meitan produces excellent tea, with renowned varieties such as the fresh, mellow, and chestnut-aroma "Meitan Cuiya" and the pure-tasting "Zunyi Red," both of which have deep ties to Zhejiang University. In September 1939, the Central Experimental Tea Farm was established south of Meitan County, led by Professor Liu Ganzhi and joined by over 40 experts, including Zhang Tianfu and Li Lianbiao, at Dagupo (now Xiangshan) in Meitan. They improved tea varieties and refined tea-processing techniques by incorporating Hangzhou's "Longjing tea" roasting methods, marking the transition from traditional household tea production to modern tea industry in China. The Zhejiang University College of Agriculture was also commissioned by the Meitan Tea Farm to analyze tea garden soil and develop "Meitan Red Tea," laying the foundation for Meitan's global tea reputation.
Steam-fixing is a crucial step in producing Meitan green tea.
Beyond tangible research achievements, Zhejiang University and other relocated institutions left behind intangible spiritual legacies for Guizhou.
In his article *Lectures in Zunyi*, historian Qian Mu described how, while teaching Zhejiang University students, he noticed farmers resting nearby with their carrying poles, listening to the lectures. This reminded him of the Ming Dynasty philosopher Wang Gen lecturing to farmers. This illustrates the profound impact of relocated universities on Guizhou's educational culture.
Inside the Zhejiang University Westward Relocation History Exhibition Hall.
Left: Original manuscript of Lu Hefu's academic paper.
Right: Meteorological instruments used by Zhejiang University faculty and students in Meitan.
Moreover, these universities reshaped Guizhou's educational landscape. Relocated normal universities took the lead in frontline education普及, while comprehensive universities contributed their strengths: many faculty and students from Great China University taught in primary and secondary schools, and Zhejiang University established the renowned affiliated high school in Meitan, showcasing their pioneering efforts in education.
Meitan High School, formerly the Affiliated High School of National Zhejiang University.
Overall, Guizhou provided refuge for relocated universities during the war, and these universities, in turn, left a lasting historical impact on Guizhou. Additionally, they actively promoted anti-war efforts, awakening public enthusiasm and nurturing抗战 talents, contributing to the nationwide resistance.
Wartime economy: Forging a southwestern gem.
Beyond universities, relocated factories, businesses, and financial institutions also profoundly influenced Guizhou.
Before the war, Guizhou had a population of about 11 million but a weak industrial base, with nearly 700 factories concentrated in a few civilian sectors, only 13 of which were large-scale. The economy remained largely self-sufficient, lacking modern industry.
During the wartime relocation wave, many military and civilian enterprises from coastal and inland areas moved to Guizhou, particularly around Guiyang and central Guizhou. The influx of migrants boosted消费 demand and industrial growth. For instance, the Guiyang Zhongnan Rubber Factory, specializing in car tires, was established then, alongside numerous酿酒, alcohol, rubber, and leather factories. Meanwhile, financial institutions like the National Bank, Central Bank Guiyang Branch, and China Farmers Bank Guiyang Branch flourished. These factors made Guizhou a vital wartime industrial and economic stronghold.
Dongshan Temple has overlooked Guiyang for over six hundred years,
witnessing the city's ups and downs alongside it.
Guizhou entered an unprecedented phase of prosperity, with urban populations surging. Guiyang saw the most dramatic growth, its population doubling rapidly from 1937 to 1943, reaching 246,000. The newcomers included government officials, business elites, intellectuals, students, skilled workers from relocated factories, and rural migrants. They brought advanced production techniques, management ideas, and cultural trends, transforming Guiyang into a bustling, economically vibrant "Little Hong Kong of the Southwest."
Compared to cities in occupied territories, Guiyang appeared exceptionally peaceful and prosperous, attracting people from all walks of life during the war.
In Huaxi Park stands a small lodge named "Qiyuan," where the couple Ba Jin and Xiao Shan once stayed. In 1944, after a turbulent journey, they married in Guiyang. The humble Qiyuan left a simple yet sweet memory in Ba Jin's memoir: "On our wedding night, we ordered a stewed chicken and two side dishes at a small restaurant in town. Under dim lights, we ate leisurely, clinked glasses, and strolled back to Qiyuan. By the faint glow of an oil lamp, we reminisced about the past and dreamed of the future."
In 1942, the renowned painter Xu Beihong passed through Guiyang. Learning of the city's educational backwardness, he postponed his travels to hold the "Xu Beihong Art Exhibition." Buyers flocked, and over 50 paintings were sold. Proceeds from tickets and charity sales, after expenses, were donated to Guiyang Lixing Middle School. Many of Xu's works were painted on local Guizhou paper.
Huaxi also hosts a cenotaph for Dai Anlan, a celebrated anti-Japanese general. Originally named Dai Bingyang, he renamed himself "Anlan" to symbolize his vow to "quell storms on the plains, reverse raging tides, and revive China." In 1942, he led the Chinese Expeditionary Force into Burma, achieving feats before falling in battle. His comrades repatriated his remains, and as his family resided in Huaxi, his coffin briefly rested there. Kang Di, magistrate of Guizhu County (now Huaxi District), erected a cenotaph with the general's boots and cap at the burial site, honoring Guiyang's mourning for the hero.
Agnes Smedley, the American journalist famed for promoting China's revolutionary struggles, also visited Guiyang in 1941. University students invited her to speak. Despite her illness, she fluently described the orderly life in anti-Japanese bases, the effective resistance and rent reduction movements under Communist and Mao Zedong's leadership, and her reporting from various warfronts.
Taiping Road preserves the shared glory of old and new Guiyang.
The influx of migrants enlivened the streets. Downtown Guiyang teemed with packed teahouses and restaurants. New eateries sprouted like bamboo shoots, numbering over 200. With migrants from across China, the city embraced diverse cuisines—Tianjin, Yanjing, Suzhou, Nanjing—reflected in restaurant names. Western fare and tea snacks also flourished, laying the foundation for Guiyang's rich culinary legacy, with many snacks still popular today.
Photo by Wu Xuewen
The eight-year war was a life-or-death crisis for the Chinese nation, yet also a phoenix-like rebirth. Amid the flames, Guizhou's land and people guarded seeds of hope, ushering in a revitalized, prosperous era.
Arms factories, railway networks, cities of coal and iron
Guizhou's urban landscape took shape during the Third Front construction.
In Liupanshui, Zunyi, Anshun, Guiyang, or Duyun, don't be surprised to meet locals speaking Mandarin instead of Southwestern dialects. Likely descendants of 1960s Third Front builders, they brought their cultures to Guizhou, becoming pioneers of its modern industry.
Shuicheng Steel Plant was built during the Third Front era.
The "Third Front Construction" (1964–1980) was a large-scale, defense-oriented initiative across 13 central and western provinces. Guizhou, rich in minerals and energy, became a key site. Millions of builders flocked to Guizhou, driven by the motto: "Send the best to the Third Front, prepare for war and famine to serve the people."
Wujiangdu Hydropower Station, a landmark of Guizhou's Third Front, began in 1970 and completed in the early 1980s. It was China's first large hydropower station on karst terrain, with a 165-meter dam. Its "lake atop high gorges" magnificence greatly boosted Guizhou's economy.
Wujiangdu Hydropower Station generates 3.34 billion kWh annually,
supplying Guizhou and exporting surplus to Sichuan and Chongqing.
Aerospace was a key project in Guizhou's Third Front construction, where builders created numerous miracles. In Chuandong Village, Qianxi, Bijie, there is a legendary tale of "manufacturing fighter jet components in karst caves": the military factory codenamed "143" was located here, and to achieve the principle of "relying on mountains, being dispersed, and hidden," workshops were built along mountain ridges and valleys, with some hydraulic component production workshops for fighter jets even set deep inside mountain caves. In 1970, Anshun's 011 Aviation Industrial Base successfully ignited the WP-7 engine, marking the successful development of Guizhou's first aircraft engine. Shortly after, the first J-6Ⅲ fighter jet made its maiden flight, ending the history of no aircraft production on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Subsequently, the base completed the production of various aircraft models, aviation engines, auxiliary aviation equipment, and spare parts, making extraordinary contributions to the aerospace industry.
Looking back at that period, it is evident that Guizhou's Third Front construction prioritized railway development and focused on the defense industry, achieving comprehensive development in energy, steel, machinery, and chemical industries. The layout centered on Guiyang, with Liupanshui, Zunyi, Anshun, Duyun, and Kaili as key areas, radiating outward along the four major railway lines—Chuanqian, Xiangqian, Guikun, and Qiangui—forming a defense technology industrial framework centered on Zunyi's aerospace industry (061 Base), Anshun's aviation industry (011 Base), and Duyun-Kaili's electronics industry (083 Base).
Photo: Aerospace machinery displayed in the exhibition hall.
Through the Third Front construction, Guizhou's railway network, coal capital, steel city, electronics industrial base, and aerospace-military enterprises flourished, enhancing the province's economic strength. Guizhou's scientific and technological workforce expanded into the "Five Forces," including research institutes under central ministries, Chinese Academy of Sciences-affiliated institutes, defense technology industrial research units, local research institutions, and universities. This became a vital force in pioneering Guizhou's economic development and promoting social progress.
Former site of the Southwest Coal Mine Construction Command;
Ores exhibited in the Third Front Construction Museum.
Photo by Zhang Luo
The Third Front construction also brought development opportunities to Guizhou's towns. To meet its needs, the administrative statuses of Anshun and Duyun, previously abolished, were restored in 1966. That year, a brand-new city began to take shape—
Liupanshui City originally comprised three counties: Liuzhi, Panxian, and Shuicheng. Shuicheng County, with a population of less than 20,000, saw an influx of 80,000 people during the Third Front construction due to the establishment of the Shuicheng Steel Plant, propelling it into the industrial era. Liuzhi and Panxian, rich in mineral resources, merged with Shuicheng to form the Liupanshui region, which officially became Liupanshui City in 1978, a focal point in Guizhou and the entire Southwest.
Guanzhai Station was once a crucial transport hub for coal from Liuzhi Special District.
Photo by Zhang Luo
The migrants to Liupanshui included not only engineers, technicians, and skilled workers from large domestic steel plants but also passionate youth from across the country supporting the Third Front construction. Northeastern, Shanghainese, Xi'an, Beijing, Cantonese, Hunanese, and Guizhou dialects converged here. Today, Liupanshui is a tourist destination famed as the "Cool Capital." When revisiting industrial heritage sites like the Shuicheng Steel Plant, one can still appreciate the grandeur of industrial beauty.
The Shuicheng Steel Plant preserves these majestic industrial memories to this day.
By the end of 1978, as the Third Front construction concluded, Guizhou's cities had increased to five, with the urban population rising to 3.2397 million, a 43.6% increase from the end of 1965, accounting for 12.1% of the province's total population. Guizhou's urban system had largely taken shape by then.
Guizhou gradually grew through waves of immigration and urban development during the Ming-Qing era, the Anti-Japanese War, and the Third Front period, with "inclusiveness" as its defining trait. Since its establishment as a province 600 years ago, this land has welcomed people from all directions, with countless individuals putting down roots and leaving their mark. Today, Guizhou remains a net population inflow province, and cities like Guiyang and Zunyi are dream destinations for many wanderers. This legend of embracing diversity will continue to unfold.
What new wonders will rise on Guizhou's land in the future?
Photo by Chen Qingquan
In 2023, "Authentic Fengwu" launched
"Colorful Guizhou: Cultural Landscapes · Peaks of Time," a Guizhou culture feature!
Click the link to revisit the first article in this series—
How to understand the colorful cultural epic of the first mountainous province?
Theme: Decoding the cultural traits of Guizhou
"Guizhou: How Did It Achieve the Legend of Embracing All Rivers?"
Take you to experience Guizhou's diverse charm that blends colors from all directions
"The 'Qian' Road is Hard! Why Has Guizhou Become a 'Guild Hall Museum'?"
Take you to feel Guizhou's rich and colorful guild hall culture
"From 'Chuanjiabao' to 'Sky Eye,' How Many Super Projects Has Guizhou Created?"
Take you to admire the wonders of Guizhou's ancient and modern super engineering feats
Planning & Editing | Spark Fan
Graphics | Jiuyang, Yuyitiao
Former Deputy Director of the Standing Committee of the Guizhou Provincial People's Congress
Former Director of the Guizhou Provincial Institute of Culture and History, Chief Editor of "Guizhou Library"
Former Director of the Institute of History, Guizhou Academy of Social Sciences
Former Director of the Guizhou Provincial Local Chronicles Office
Associate Professor, School of History and Ethnic Culture, Guizhou University
Director of the "Yangming Studies Research Center," Guizhou University
Member of the Guizhou Provincial Institute of Culture and History, Expert in Biographical History
Author of "Six Thousand Juren, Seven Hundred Jinshi"
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