How Mountains and Rivers Shaped a Mighty City: Tracing Guiyang's 700-Year Cultural Roots

In the 13th century, amidst the extraordinary landscapes of central Guizhou, a city named "Shunyuan City" emerged as a pivotal military stronghold in the southwest. Over more than seven centuries, this city, shaped by its mountainous and watery terrain, developed a profound cultural heritage, transforming into a majestic metropolis spanning 8,043 square kilometers and home to 6.4 million people (as of 2023).

A panoramic view of Guiyang, where mountains and waters intertwine.

Photo/Wu Xuewen Illustration/Yu Yitiao

The foundation of Guiyang's culture lies first in its strategic location, anchored by its natural landscapes. As the late Ming and early Qing geographer Gu Zuyu noted in *Reading the Historical Geography*, "Guiyang is like the chest and abdomen of a person." Guizhou, as the "hidden core of the southwest," sees its four major mountain ranges converge in central Guizhou, elevating Guiyang as a hub connecting Sichuan, Huguang, Yunnan, and stabilizing the southwest. Establishing Guizhou Province with Guiyang as its center became a pivotal move in the early Ming Dynasty, enabling the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of troops to "march north and conquer the south," securing the southwestern frontier and unifying the nation.

The driving force of Guiyang's culture lies in its pioneering spirit. In 1508, Wang Yangming, exiled to Longchang (today's Longchang Town in Xiuwen County, Guiyang), experienced his enlightenment there, founding the Yangming School of Mind. His teachings in Guiyang, centered on the unity of knowledge and action, sparked a "philosophical storm" that influenced China and the world for five centuries, elevating Guiyang as a towering peak in the history of traditional Chinese thought.

A distant view of the China Yangming Cultural Park in Xiuwen County, Guiyang.

Photo/Lu Yukun

Guiyang's seven-century cultural lineage is deep and inclusive. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, Guiyang has led Guizhou with over a thousand provincial scholars and nearly two hundred imperial scholars. Figures like Li Duanfen and Zhang Zhidong emerged from Guiyang, pioneering modern Chinese education amid "unprecedented changes." During the Anti-Japanese War, Guiyang served as a southwestern bulwark and a key rear base, welcoming people from all over and shining culturally. Today, Guiyang pioneers big data industries in the Gui'an New Area, earning the title "China's Big Data Valley," with the vast "Cloudy Guizhou" envisioning humanity's future.

The "Night Guiyang" of Guanshanhu District.

So, where did Guiyang come from? To answer this, we must first step beyond Guiyang and look at the broader Guizhou Plateau.

Guiyang: The southwestern jewel elevated by Guizhou's four major mountain ranges.

Guizhou, China's mountainous province and the southwestern pivot.

Guizhou's four major mountain ranges—Miao Ridge, Wuling Mountains, Dalou Mountains, and Wumeng Mountains—create the plateau's "high west, low east, three-tiered" topography. Their convergence in central Guizhou resembles four coiling dragons lifting the province's second "step"—the Qianzhong Terrace. Guiyang, at the heart of this terrace, is a gem encircled by these ranges.

To the east, Guiyang passes through Miao Ridge and Wuling Mountains, linking to the Central Plains via the Hunan-Guizhou Post Road. To the north, beyond the perilous Dalou Mountains, it connects to Sichuan. To the west, it traverses the vast Wumeng Mountains, tying to northeastern Yunnan and western Sichuan. To the south, gazing into Miao Ridge's depths, it opens to Lingnan and the Guang regions.

Guiyang: The transitional convergence of Guizhou's four major mountain ranges.

Illustration/Liangge Heiyanquan Yu Yitiao

When the Yuan Dynasty first systematically integrated the Guizhou Plateau into the national "Zhanchi" courier network, the vital Yunnan-Guizhou-Hunan and Sichuan-Guizhou-Guangxi post roads intersected at "Guizhou" (modern Guiyang). In 1282, "Guizhou was renamed Shunyuan," marking Guiyang's founding. Later, in 1413, Guizhou Province was established, with its administrative center here, renamed "Provincial City." In 1569, it was officially named Guiyang. For over six centuries, Guiyang has been the navigator of Guizhou's mountainous journey.

As a typical mountainous city, Guiyang's urban core is not flat but divided by the Baihua, Qianling, and Nanyue mountain ranges into two irregularly shaped "basins."

A俯瞰 of Guiyang from Qianling Mountain.

Photo/Yin Gang

In the 11th year of the Chongzhen era of the Ming Dynasty (1638), Xu Xiake passed through Guiyang and accurately summarized the city's landscape in his travelogue as "waters converging from all directions": the Nanming River, Shuimo River (Shixi River), Zexi Stream (Guancheng River), and Taici Stream (Xiaoche River) all met in Guiyang. Today, Guiyang's water system has become even more picturesque, with modern artificial lakes like Hongfeng Lake, Baihua Lake, and Aha Lake, collectively shaping Guiyang into a garden city where "half of the landscape extends into the city."

Viewing Baihua Lake and Guanshanhu District from the summit of Jiulong Mountain.

The rugged mountains and intricate waterways endowed Guiyang with "Thirteen Passes" (some say fourteen) formed along its ridges, rivers, and city walls. Starting from these key passes, roads connected to numerous strategic towns around Guiyang, solidifying its position as a hub in the heart of the Guizhou Plateau and linking it to the rest of the province.

Heading southeast from Guiyang through Tuyun Pass leads to Longli, the "Eastern Gateway" (now Longli County in Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture). This was the last military outpost on the ancient Xiang-Qian Post Road before entering Guiyang, serving as a vital link between Guiyang, Guizhou, and central China. To the west, less than an hour's drive brings one to Qingzhen, the "Western Gateway," whose name derives from two Ming-era garrisons—Weiqing and Zhenxi. The town of Weicheng, evolved from Zhenxi Garrison, still retains its late-Ming wall layout. Guiyang connects via Qingzhen to Anshun, one of Guizhou's most densely garrisoned regions, echoing the grand epic of the Ming's military migration and garrison-building campaigns six centuries ago.

Above: Bairi Village, Longli County, Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. Photo by Yang Guo.

Below: Qingzhen, Guiyang, featuring Huayudong Bridge, Huayudong Grand Bridge, and Hongfeng Lake Bridge in one frame. Photo by Zhou Jiangui.

North of Guiyang, passing through Luchong Pass and Yaguan (Yaguan), one reaches two key gateways shaped by tributaries of the Wujiang River—Xiuwen and Xifeng. Xiuwen was Guiyang's primary link to northwestern Guizhou and, further, to Sichuan and Yunnan. Even before Guizhou became a province, the Yi leader Lady Shexiang personally led her people to establish the "Longchang Nine Post Roads" from Xiuwen, connecting central and northwestern Guizhou. Xifeng, meanwhile, was a crucial node between Guiyang and Zunyi in northern Guizhou. During the Long March, the Red Army crossed the Wujiang River southward near Xifeng, feinted an attack on Guiyang, and then skillfully crossed the Jinsha River, marking a brilliant chapter in their Guizhou campaign.

Above: The "Two Caves" of Xiuwen. Photo by Liang Zeng.

Below: Liuguang River Bridge in Xifeng. Photo by Si Junzhen.

The passes and gateways amid the mountains bear witness to Guiyang's role as a central hub connecting all parts of Guizhou. To the south of the city center lies a unique gateway—Qingyan Ancient Town. Unlike other strategic towns that highlight Guiyang's military significance, Qingyan is more of an unsung hero, quietly nurturing the city.

Guiyang's famed "refreshing coolness" owes much to Qingyan. Traveling south from downtown along the Nanming River, past Huaxi's Ten-Mile Riverbank to Qingyan, one encounters no major mountain barriers but open vistas and winding waters, forming a vertical ecological corridor. Zooming out to all of Guizhou, this corridor extends to the subtropical valleys of southern Guizhou. Warm, moist air from the far south follows this path into the Guiyang Basin, mitigating pollution and infusing the city with vitality.

Qingyan is also a cultural beacon. Located midway between Huishui and downtown Guiyang, it historically served as the key transit hub for grain shipments from Huishui, Guizhou's breadbasket. This role attracted Ming garrison troops, Qing-era merchants, and diverse visitors. Commerce spurred education, producing scholarly families with "three jinshi in one household" and Guizhou's first top imperial examination scholar, Zhao Yijiong. Today, strolling Qingyan's flagstone paths, one encounters temples, pavilions, and guildhalls, embodying a romantic blend of cultures.

Qingyan Ancient Town is steeped in historical charm.

Anchored by Guizhou's four major mountain ranges and encircled by strategic towns, the Baihua, Qianling, and Nanyue mountain ranges form the skeleton of Guiyang's landscape-cultural identity. Walking the old city's "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions" layout and its dense network of alleys reveals how this small "Shunyuan City" grew into the "Southwestern Pivot."

The bustling Fuyu Bridge in front of Jiaxiu Tower.

Flowing through 700 years of Guiyang's pioneering history.

According to the Ming Hongzhi-era "Guizhou Atlas and Gazetteer," Jihong Bridge was built by Marquis of Zhenyuan, Gu Cheng. In the 8th year of Hongwu (1375), this fierce general, once a personal guard of Zhu Yuanzhang, began his three-decade tenure in Guizhou, quelling over a hundred rebellions and stabilizing the southwest. His most critical task was constructing a fortified city at the "heart of Guizhou."

In the 15th year of Hongwu (1382), the Guizhou Regional Military Commission was established. Gu Cheng and commander Ma Ye directed the conversion of Shunyuan City into a stone-walled city with gates, moon towers, and water gates, spanning nine li with five gates. Expansions continued during the Wanli and Tianqi eras. By 1626, an outer wall with four gates was added north of the original city. The five inner and four outer gates, plus four famed Taoist pavilions—Wenchang, Huangjing, Yuhuang, and Lingguan—formed a double-walled layout, cementing the "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions" in local memory.

Old photos of Guiyang, from top to bottom:

Zhengyang Street inside Weiqing Gate; distant view of Yuhuang Pavilion; Jiaxiu Tower; Shuikou Temple.

Photo provided by Guiyang Archives

Today's Nanming Bridge features a wide deck capable of accommodating vehicles. Crossing the bridge and passing the circular intersection near the Dananmen ruins, heading northward, the stretch of Zhonghua South Road - Middle Road - North Road runs through old Guiyang. Centered around the "Big Cross," it branches into a network of over a hundred streets and alleys, forming a vital axis for the cultural development of Guiyang and even Guizhou.

The ruins of the Old East Gate (Wusheng Gate) and Wenchang Pavilion.

Photo by Wu Xuewen

Over time, only the ruins of the Old East Gate (Wusheng Gate) and Wenchang Pavilion remain from the "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions." These two intertwined cultural relics still thrive today. The horse ramp outside the East Gate wall is a beloved "slide" for Guiyang children, while the square near Wenchang Pavilion hosts the city's popular cultural event, the "Roadside Concert." They also provide clues for tracing Guiyang's cultural expansion. Standing on the city wall, one can gaze at distant Dongshan and Fufengshan, an area that serves as Guiyang's significant "cultural highland."

Left: The horse ramp outside the East Gate wall near Wenchang Pavilion;

Right: A view of Guiyang from Dongshan's Immortal Cave.

Northeast of Wenchang Pavilion, the Yangming Shrine and Yinzhen Shrine on Fufengshan stand side by side, bearing witness to Yinzhen's journey northward to Central China to study humanities and pioneer Guizhou's literary and educational traditions over millennia. This site also attracted notable Guizhou figures like Zheng Zhen, Mo Youzhi, and Ding Baozhen, who sought to trace the province's cultural roots.

Heading south from Wenchang Pavilion leads to Jiaxiu Tower, another renowned cultural landmark in Guiyang.

The predecessor of Jiaxiu Tower was the "Qiyun Pavilion," built in 1555 by Ma Tingxi, a disciple of Wang Yangming. Ma lectured here for over 30 years, contributing significantly to Guizhou's education. In 1598, Governor Jiang Dongyi of Guizhou initiated the construction of Jiaxiu Tower, symbolizing "scholarly excellence," which was completed in 1606 with the support of Governor Guo Zizhang. The tower has undergone multiple renovations since, with each restoration official also aiding Guiyang's cultural and educational growth. Jiaxiu Tower's history reflects Guiyang's centuries-long dedication to literary and educational advancement.

Viewed from the Nanming River, Jiaxiu Tower stands majestically in the water, its upturned eaves and layered reflections exuding elegance. Crossing the jade-like Fuyu Bridge, one can take in the surrounding scenery, including Hanbi Pavilion and Cuiwei Garden, strolling as if in a painting—a scene aptly described as "water flows through jade rings, people walk among lotus petals."

The cultural details of Jiaxiu Tower and Cuiwei Garden.

Since its completion, Jiaxiu Tower has been a gathering place for literati, earning the nickname "Little West Lake" and inspiring countless poems. Among these, the most celebrated is the grand couplet by Liu Yunliang, a Qing Dynasty master of couplets from Guiyang. His work captures Guizhou's pivotal role as a mountainous southwestern province and its millennia-old cultural heritage.

The couplet before Jiaxiu Tower blends scenery and history with grand momentum.

Photo by Wu Xuewen

Starting westward from the "Yumen" (Old East Gate) near Wenchang Pavilion along Zhongshan East Road to the iconic "Big Cross," the street's gradient gradually flattens, tracing the "Yumen Overlapping Waves" from Guiyang folklore—First Wave Slope, Second Wave Slope, and Third Wave Slope. Beyond today's Big Cross Square, the road levels out, leading to the ruins of Guizhou's Imperial Examination Hall near Taiping Road. Further south lies Cao Zhuangyuan Street, symbolizing the journey of Guizhou scholars over centuries who overcame geographical barriers to "leap the dragon gate" at the examination hall and embark on successful careers.

The streetscape of Cao Zhuangyuan Street, named after Cao Weicheng, Guizhou's only martial arts champion.

North of Wenchang Pavilion lies another cultural landscape. Winding through the undulating Radio Street, the most striking sight is a five-story octagonal pavilion with double eaves, curved railings, and intricate corridors—the Huajia Pavilion (Dajue Jingshe). Built by Hua Zhihong, a late Qing-early Republic era industrialist, as a meditation retreat, Hua also founded modern schools and the "Wentong Bookstore," profoundly impacting Guizhou's education.

Radio Street got its name during the Anti-Japanese War when the Nationalist government stationed a Southeast Asia broadcasting station in Huajia Pavilion. Detouring west from the pavilion to Wenbi Street, one soon reaches the former site of the Guizhou Provincial Committee of the CPC, which chronicles the stories of Guiyang's underground Communists. A turn south leads to the former Eighth Route Army transport station on Minsheng Road... From the remnants of Guiyang's "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions," the highlights of the city's modern cultural history unfold vividly.

North of Nanming Bridge stretches a cultural network centered on Zhonghua Road, with its numerous alleys radiating from the "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions." The thread connecting this network is the Guancheng River (also known as the Jade Belt River).

Liu Yunliang, who once composed the long couplet for Jiaxiu Tower, also wrote another famous couplet—"A river encircles and divides the Tai Chi, six bridges lock and anchor the central flow"—capturing how the Guancheng River shaped old Guiyang's layout. Flowing from the northeast, the river resembled an "S"-shaped jade belt, dividing the ancient city into a Tai Chi pattern. Key institutions like the Guizhou Pacification Commission, Provincial Administration Office, Drum Tower, and Imperial Examination Hall were all built within 300 meters of this river that traversed the city. The Guancheng River bears witness to Guiyang's—and indeed Guizhou's—cultural evolution.

A comparison between the Ming Dynasty map of Guizhou's provincial capital and modern Guiyang.

Numerous bridges once spanned the Guancheng River. Among the earliest was Dusi Bridge (recorded in *Guiyang Historical Accounts*), named for its proximity to the Dusi government office. In 1837, Zhang Zhidong was born on Liudong Street near Liudong Bridge. He later left Guizhou to become a prominent late-Qing statesman who pioneered modern China's education and heavy industry. Near Zhonglie Bridge stood Zhonglie Temple. In 1901, Huang Ganfu, Ling Qiu'e, and others established the Arithmetic Institute there, which later evolved into Dade School, a trailblazer in Guizhou's modern education. Thus, Guiyang's cultural narrative flowed along the Guancheng River.

Since the 1950s, urban expansion turned the Guancheng River into an underground channel, vanishing from public view. Now resurfaced, landmarks like Beimen Bridge, Yudai Bridge, and Longjing Bridge—once nostalgic names for old Guiyang—have revived as bustling hubs, echoing the city's enduring 700-year cultural legacy.

The restored Guancheng River and its newly rebuilt Longjing Bridge.

Photo by Zheng Hui

South of the Nanming River, today's Xinhua Road and Bo'ai Road were once "Horse Shed Street" and "Big Horse Trough," resting stops for caravans, testifying to Guiyang's Qing-era role as a trade hub. Xueya Street along the Nanming River derives its name from Xueya Cave, a cultural landmark. In 1902, Li Duanfen, Yu Dekai, and Le Jiazhao pioneered Guizhou's first teacher education there and nearby Dinggong Shrine, propelling Guiyang onto the national stage amid unprecedented changes.

A collection of vintage street signs across Guiyang.

Photo by Wu Xuewen

In the 1940s, as a wartime stronghold, Guiyang saw rapid population growth and urban renewal. The National Government developed housing and roads near Yuji Bay's Zhao Family Slope. Yangming Road, by Qianming Ancient Temple, was named to honor Wang Yangming's contributions to Guizhou's education. Post-1950s, Guiyang expanded beyond its "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions," constructing a 14-km outer ring road.

Traveling west from Jiaxiu Tower and south across the Nanming River via Zunyi Road reveals milestones of Guiyang's post-1949 development: the Post & Telecommunications Building chronicles a century of communications, while the Customs House, Ethnic Culture Palace, and People's Square (now Zhucheng Square) mark the reform era. Nearby, the bustling Qingyun Market stands as a modern cultural hotspot.

The Customs House and Post & Telecommunications Building side by side.

Photo by Wu Xuewen

From landmarks like Nanming Bridge, Jiaxiu Tower, Wenchang Pavilion, Guancheng River, and Nanming River, we trace Guiyang's journey from tiny Shunyuan City to the Ming-Qing "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions," and finally to today's mountainous metropolis anchoring the southwest. Its 700-year transformation was driven by its people across eras.

Zhucheng Square, a landmark of Guiyang's modern development.

Centered in Guizhou, Guiyang has long been a crossroads for locals and migrants. Its civilization dawned in the Stone Age, followed by waves of settlers—Han-Shu elites, Wei-Jin clans, Ming military colonists, and wartime refugees. These converging influences forged not just a migrant city but one of enlightenment and reform.

Guiyang is a bastion of red culture.

Image of Guiyang's new landmark, "Red Ribbon."

Among figures embodying Guiyang's openness and reformist spirit, Wang Yangming stands foremost.

In 1508, exiled to Longchang (now Xiwen County), Wang Yangming achieved enlightenment there, founding the influential Yangming School of Mind. Guiyang became his lecturing base; invited to teach at Wenming Academy despite his lowly status, he refined and spread his philosophy, notably the doctrine of "Unity of Knowledge and Action."

China Yangming Cultural Park in Xiuwen County, Guiyang.

Guiyang was also an important spiritual sanctuary for Wang Yangming. The Laixian Cave on Dongshan Mountain, which he once visited, has evolved into today's Immortal Cave; the Nan'an Temple, where he exchanged poetic verses, is now the Cuiwei Garden beside Jiaxiu Tower; and the Nan Jiyun Temple he paid homage to has become the site of the former Dade School. (Click the link to explore Wang Yangming's traces in Guiyang.) His stories remain vivid in Guiyang's urban memory.

Wang Yangming's traces in Guiyang and the city's key cultural landmarks.

A list of academies in Guiyang during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

By the modern era of "unprecedented changes in a century," Guiyang's centuries-old cultural and educational heritage began to shine on the national stage. In 1897, Yan Xiu, the provincial education commissioner of Guizhou, reformed the Xuegu Academy into the Jingshi Academy, establishing Guizhou's first modern school. This marked not only the beginning of modern education in Guizhou but also set an early example of academy reform nationwide. During the Reform Movement, the "Petition of the Examination Candidates" shocked the court, with 95 signatories from Guizhou—the second-highest number in the country, including 32 from Guiyang.

Dade School pioneered many firsts in Guiyang's modern educational history.

Photo by Chen Weihong.

During the Republican era, Guiyang remained at the forefront of change. Amid the 1911 Revolution, the "Great Han Guizhou Military Government" was established, making Guizhou the sixth province to declare independence. Today, you can still find Huguo Road by the Nanming River, near the city's first Western-style building—the former residence of Wang Boqun. In December 1915, when Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, Wang Boqun and his brother Wang Wenhua rallied Guizhou to join Yunnan's anti-Yuan campaign, making Guizhou the first province to support the National Protection War.

The former residence of Wang Boqun on Huguo Road.

This pioneering spirit surged uncontrollably and reached its zenith during the Anti-Japanese War. As northeastern, northern, and southeastern coastal regions fell, Guiyang became a shield for Chongqing, the wartime capital. Its strategic location in the southwest earned it the nickname "Geneva of the East." Four major highways—Xiang-Qian, Qian-Gui, Chuan-Qian, and Dian-Qian—converged in Guiyang, forming vital lifelines for the war effort.

Guiyang's natural landscape also took on new significance. The Wenyuan Pavilion's "Complete Library of the Four Treasuries," comprising 140 crates from Zhejiang Provincial Library, was transported to Guiyang and stored for five years and eight months in the "natural cave vault" of today's Lucongguan Forest Park. Meanwhile, medical institutions like the Chinese Red Cross and international aid teams stationed at Tuyunguan treated millions of wounded, making Guiyang a critical wartime medical hub.

The Dimu Cave, once the repository of the Wenyuan Pavilion's cultural treasures.

Guiyang welcomed people and resources from all directions, fostering unprecedented cultural and educational prosperity. Universities like Great China University (predecessor of East China Normal University), Zhijiang University, and National Xiangya Medical College relocated to Guiyang, while the province established National Guiyang Medical College, National Guizhou University, and National Guiyang Normal College. The city's intellectual scene flourished.

At the Guizhou Provincial Art Museum, works by masters like Guan Shanyue and Xu Beihong were displayed, alongside plays by dramatist Cao Yu. Literary figures such as Ba Jin and Mao Dun produced notable works in Guiyang. Pioneers like Xie Liuyi and Jian Xian'ai contributed to wartime propaganda and education. The most renowned local institution, the Wenchow Publishing House, assembled a 112-member editorial board of national luminaries, publishing extensively and ranking among China's top seven publishers—a miracle in southwestern publishing history.

During the war, Guiyang's collective efforts laid the spiritual foundation for its identity as a "Heroic City of the Southwest." This spirit endured through subsequent campaigns like the Third Front Construction. Today, these stirring historical echoes resonate ever louder in Guiyang's 700-year cultural narrative, transcending classic symbols like the "Nine Gates and Four Pavilions" to explore new urban possibilities.

In 1996, Qingzhen City and Xiuwen, Xifeng, and Kaiyang counties were incorporated into Guiyang, integrating these historic gateways into the city's cultural fabric. Since the new millennium, Guanshanhu District emerged from the former Jinyang New Area. Centered around the expansive Guanshanhu Park, landmarks like the Guizhou Provincial Museum and 201 Tower redefine the city's skyline, illuminating a dazzling new Guiyang at night.

A distant view of Guanshanhu District from Guanshanhu Park.

Photo by Zhou Ruixi.

In 2014, Gui'an New Area sprouted across central Guizhou's basins. Global corporations now house big data in its karst cave server rooms—echoing prehistoric caves in the region that once held cultural treasures.

This fusion of ancient and modern mirrors Guiyang's 700-year evolution. From the Stone Age, through its emergence as "Guizhou" in the Song-Yuan era, to its pivotal role in Ming unification, Guiyang has grown into a cultural and transport hub anchoring central Guizhou and connecting the southwest.

Photo by Zhang Jinming

Graphics by Yu Yitiao, Jiuyang

Former Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of Guizhou Provincial People's Congress

Former Director of Guizhou Provincial Research Institute of Culture and History, Chief Editor of "Guizhou Library"

Executive Director and Deputy Director of the Academic Committee of China Education Association

Vice President of Guizhou Tao Xingzhi Educational Thought Research Association

Chief Planner of Guizhou Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute

Deputy Director of Guiyang Archives (Local Chronicles Office)

"General History of Guiyang" Guizhou People's Publishing House

"Historical Stories of Guiyang" Guizhou Publishing Group, Guizhou People's Publishing House

"A Century of Maps: Guiyang" Guizhou People's Publishing House

"Collection of Guiyang Place Name Stories" Guizhou Publishing Group, Guizhou People's Publishing House

Official Website of Guiyang Municipal People's Government

This article is original content from [Didiao Fengwu]